Freiheit, mit seiner Magie, um anderen zu helfen, seine Kräfte zu nutzen, andere zu unterhalten, seine Freunde, Witze Als Sklave zu sein, seine Freunde in Gefahr, Guaven (sie machen ihn krank), Fangpneumonie (mit der Unfähigkeit, seine Magie zu kontrollieren, ist gefährlich Symptom), die Bitty-Lebewesen, Imps, verlieren, bringen die Menschen von den Toten zurück, bekommen Krabben auf den Finger stecken, Ärger für seine Freunde, seine Magie für böse Mächte und Fähigkeiten verwendet wird Fast unbegrenzte kosmische Macht ist von seinem befreit Lampengefängnis als Folge von Aladdins endgültigen Wunsch Phänomenale kosmische Kräfte. Itty bitty Wohnraum Oh, Al, Im gettin irgendwie lieb von dir, Kind. Nicht, dass ich Vorhänge aussuchen möchte. Egal was irgendjemand sagt, du bist immer ein Fürst für mich. Was würden Sie von mir wünschen Die immer eindrucksvolle, die längst, die oft nachgeahmt, aber niemals dupliziert. Genie der Lampe 8213Genie stellt sich vor Aladdin Genie ist der Tritagonist in Disney s 1992 animierten Spielfilm, Aladdin. Er ist ein allmächtiger Geist, der in einer magischen Öllampe wohnt, die in der Höhle der Wunder verborgen ist. Bedeutete nur den Diamanten im rauen zu dienen. Hintergrund Wie die meisten populären Darstellungen von Genies war Disneys Genie ursprünglich ein Sklave. Obwohl er phänomenale kosmische Kräfte besitzt, ist er an einen bitterlichen Wohnraum gebunden und kann nur seine Kräfte nutzen, wenn der Besitzer der Lampe (sein Herr) wünscht, er gelegentlich Dinge zu tun, ohne einen Wunsch zu geben, aber niemals etwas, was stark wirkt Die Welt um ihn herum. Er ist auch durch drei Gesetze gebunden, er kann niemanden töten, er kann die Menschen nicht verlieben, und er kann die Toten nicht wiederbeleben. Es ist aber möglich, dass er das dritte machen kann, aber wie er es ausdrückt, ist es kein schönes Bild. Ich mag es nicht. Alternativ könnte es bedeuten, dass, während er eine Person Leiche wiederbeleben kann. Er kann sie nicht richtig zurückbringen Jeder Meister hat drei Wünsche und kann diesen Betrag nicht überschreiten, indem er mehr Wünsche wünscht. Die Lampe kommt im Laufe des ersten Films in den Besitz von Aladdin, und er bleibt in Knechtschaft, bis Aladdin seinen dritten und letzten Wunsch verwendet, um Genie seine Freiheit am Ende des Films zu gewähren. Sowie weitgehend das Handeln im ersten Film, Genie dient als komisches Relief Element in jedem seiner Auftritte. Er hat gezeigt, dass Form-Verschiebung Fähigkeiten, die für viele und vielfältige Seh-Gags ermöglichen. Seine übernatürliche Gesinnung erlaubt ihm, die vierte Mauer zu brechen, sowie Parodie-Real-Life-Leute und Volkskultur ganz außerhalb der Grenzen des Universums, in dem er enthalten ist. Robin Williams ist verantwortlich für die meisten von diesen, weil er viele der Linien im Film improvisierte. Genies wahrer Name, wenn er einen hat, wurde niemals offenbart, er antwortet, Genie genannt zu werden, und sagt nie, dass er einen wirklichen Namen hat, obwohl er impliziert, dass er nach zehntausend Jahren seinen wahren Namen vergessen hat. Entwicklung John Musker und Ron Clements schufen Genie mit Robin Williams im Kopf, obwohl Disney Studio Chef Jeffrey Katzenberg schlug Namen wie John Candy. Steve Martin und Eddie Murphy. Williams wurde angegangen und schließlich die Rolle angenommen. Williams kam für Stimme Aufnahmen Sessions während der Pausen in der Dreharbeiten seiner beiden anderen Filme zu der Zeit, Hook und Toys. Ungewöhnlich für einen animierten Film wurde viel von Williams Dialog ad-libbed: Für einige Szenen wurde Williams Themen und Dialogvorschläge gegeben, aber erlaubt, seine Linien zu improvisieren. 1 Es wurde geschätzt, dass Williams 52 Zeichen improvisierte. Eric Goldberg, der überwachende Animator für Genie, überprüfte dann Williams den Dialog und wählte die besten Gags und Linien. Goldberg und seine Mannschaft schufen dann Charakteranimation, um Williams Witze, Wortspiele und Identitätsdarstellungen anzupassen. Robin Williams lieferte den Charakter mit einer unkonventionellen Methode des Stimmverhaltens, die sich als bahnbrechend erwies, was zu einem universellen Beifall führte und Genie zu einem der ikonischsten und einflussreichsten Charaktere in der Geschichte der Animationsfilme wurde. Persönlichkeit Voller Leben und voller positiver Energie ist der Genie ein glücklicher Charakter, mit Kraft und Fähigkeiten, die vor allem dazu verwendet werden, humorvolle Witze für das Vergnügen von sich selbst und denen um ihn herum zu konstruieren. Nachdem er eine Mehrheit seines frühen Lebens (über 10.000 Jahre) in einer Lampe gefangen hat, neigt Genie dazu, seine äußerst seltenen Momente der Freiheit zu nutzen, indem er seine unglaublichen Kräfte ausnutzt, wie oben erwähnt, seine neuen Meister und Bekannten zu unterhalten. Aus diesem Grund kommt Genie als ein flamboyant Schausteller, wenn zuerst eingeführt. Darüber hinaus, wenn zuerst begrüßt, wird der Genie sofort loyal zu seinem neuen Meister und betont kontinuierlich die Tatsache, dass sein Ziel ist es, ihr Leben mit allen notwendigen Mitteln magisch zu verbessern (solange es nicht die drei Regeln des Wünschens stört). Obwohl er in der Regel loyal und äußerst gewidmet ist, wer auch immer ein vorübergehendes Eigentum an der Lampe hat, hat Genie einen Willen und Geist von sich selbst, außerhalb der Grenzen eines typischen Geniesklaven. Ein Beispiel dafür ist leicht zu sehen, wenn man seinen letzten Traum bekennt, um Freiheit von seinem Lampengefängnis zu gewinnen. Darüber hinaus, wie mit Aladdin gesehen, ist er fähig, sinnvolle Beziehungen mit denen zu bilden, die er dienen muss, und diese echte Loyalität ist das, was letztlich zu seiner Freiheit führt. Obwohl manisch und explosiv ist, hat Genie vor allem eine weichere Seite zu seinem Charakter, der mitfühlend, klug und ernst ist, wenn nötig. Dies wird durch seinen Ton, der sich von schlau und üppig, zu niedrig und weich, um einen ernsthaften Punkt über. In der Original-Film, sowie König der Diebe. Er diente als Mentor Figur zu Aladdin, oft geben die letzteren Rat und ermutigt die Handlung, um selbst zu sein. Im König der Diebe Er zeigte echte Liebe und Unterstützung für die meisten Aladdin und seine Bemühungen, obwohl er ein freigelassener Genie war, aber nie seine Zunge hielt, wenn es um Einwände gegen konsequente Entscheidungen kam. Mächte und Fähigkeiten Genie ist einer der mächtigsten Hauptfiguren im Disney-Universum, die bisher gezeigt wurde. Wie im ersten Film gezeigt, konnte er leicht die Gesetze der Natur brechen, sich in praktisch irgendetwas verlagern, die vierte Wand brechen, die Realität in einer Laune verwerfen, den Palast von Agrabah ohne Probleme aufheben, anderen Menschen seine Macht geben, rückgängig machen Die Werke irgendeiner Magie (obwohl das Mischen seiner Magie mit jemandem elses Konsequenzen hatte), und entkommen einer magisch versiegelten Höhle. Allerdings hatte er drei Grenzen für seine Fähigkeiten (und weigert sich auch, Substitutionen, Austausch, Rückerstattungen und Wünsche für mehr Wünsche zu akzeptieren) er kann nicht töten, er kann nicht die Menschen verlieben, und er kann die Toten nicht erheben (obwohl er sagt, dass er Kann in der Tat Auferstehung durchführen, aber einfach nicht genießen, so zu tun, wie die Auferstandenen impliziert werden, um Zombies gedreht zu werden, in denen er als kein hübsches Bild beschreibt). Abgesehen von diesen drei Einschränkungen war er fast allmächtig. Nachdem er seine Freiheit erhalten hat, ist es unklar von diesen Einschränkungen, die noch impliziert werden, obwohl er erklärte, dass er eine Verringerung der Macht aufgrund seiner neuen Freiheit erlitten hatte und seine gegenwärtigen Mächte beschrieb, da jetzt halbphänomenale, fast kosmische Macht im Gegensatz zu seinem früheren war Phänomenale kosmische kraft Wegen seines geschwächten Staates im Gegensatz zu Jafars voller Macht, besiegte der jetzt-genie Jafar ihn während der Youre Only Second Rate, musikalische Zahl sowie Ablenkung aller seiner magischen Angriffe. Allerdings hat er immer noch eine beinahe unbegrenzte Menge an magischem Wissen und all seinen formveränderlichen Fähigkeiten. Er hat auch eine hohe magische Kraft, war aber nicht in der Lage, gewisse Formen der Magie eine Schwäche mit katastrophalen Konsequenzen in der Fernsehserie aufzuheben, wie wenn er Schwierigkeiten hatte, Jasmine wieder normal zu werden, nachdem sie von einem Zauberspiegel in eine Ratte verwandelt wurde Seine Unfähigkeit, einen Zauberspruch von Sadira zu brechen, dass Gehirn gewaschen Aladdin zu denken, dass er ein Drachen-töten Ritter war. Es wurde in der Rückkehr von Jafar offenbart, dass er auch die Stimmen und Erscheinungen anderer einwandfrei nachahmen kann, wie er gesehen wird, als er sich in Aladdin in den letztlich versäumten Versuch versetzt, Jafar abzulenken, während der echte Aladdin die Lampenlampe packt. In der Serie wird oft gezeigt, dass eine seiner ausgebeuteten Schwächen (oft von Abis Mal und Mechanicles) ist, dass er in eine Flasche getreten werden kann, aber dann kann man nicht raus, bis jemand ihn freigibt. Gegenstände, die die Magie beeinflussen können, beeinflussen ihn auch, wie die magisch-essende Kreatur Thirdack, fast gelang es, Genie aus der Episode Zitadelle zu essen. Es ist auch gezeigt in Sneeze der Tag, dass Guave Saft ist das einzige, was geben kann Genies eine Erkältung, die ihre Magie unkontrollierbar und unvorhersehbar (zusammen mit gefährlich) macht. Irgendwann wurde Genie gezeigt, dass er seine Stärke in Aladdin und dem König der Diebe wiedergewonnen hatte. Wo er kein Problem mit allem hatte, was er versucht hatte. Genie ist vielleicht der 3. (möglicherweise 4.) stärkste Charakter, der in der Serie gezeigt wird, mit den einzigen Charakteren, die stärker sind, sind Schicksal, Chaos. Und Jafar. Auftritte Genie in seinem Debütauftritt, Aladdin. In einer dunklen Nacht sucht ein schattiger Mann namens Jafar die Lage der Höhle der Wunder und plottet, Genie zu benutzen, um die Kontrolle über ein nahe gelegenes Königreich zu nehmen, das als Agrabah bekannt ist. Leider für Jafar, kann nur ein Einzelner in den Kavi den Diamanten in der rauhen Ratte namens Aladdin eintreten. Jafar schafft es, Aladdin in die Höhle zu manipulieren, um die Lampe für ihn zu holen, aber Aladdins Affenkumpel, Abu. Berührt ein Stück des verbotenen Schatzes, was dazu führt, dass die Höhle wieder in den Sand sinkt und Aladdin drin fängt. Dort zeigt Abu, dass die Lampe intakt ist und übergibt es Aladdin, der versehentlich die Genie entfesselt. Genie stellt sich sofort als Diener vor, der bereit ist, Aladdin insgesamt drei Wünsche zu gewähren, sei es Nahrung, Reichtum oder irgendeine andere Form von Luxus, die in den Grenzen der Genie Gesetze haftet. Um sicherzustellen, dass er keinen Wunsch verschwendet, trifft Aladdin Genie, um er und Abu aus der Höhle zu befreien, die Genie fällt, das Duo, sowie den Genies Magic Carpet Begleiter, zu einer Oase in der Wüste. Genie enthüllt seinen Wunsch, Freiheit zu Aladdin zu erleben. Dort realisiert Genie Aladdins Trickerei, aber schnell geht es an ihm zurück, um zu seinem Job zur Hand zurückzukehren und geduldig zu warten, wie Aladdin über seine Wünsche nachdenkt. Die Straßenratte, die aus echter Neugier besteht, fragt schließlich Genie, was die letzteren wünschen würde, die die Offenbarung der Genies sehnt, die Sehnsucht nach Freiheit zu erleben und zu erklären, dass er seinem Lampengefängnis niemals entkommen kann, wenn sein Meister ihn nicht wünscht. Gefühl Sympathie, Aladdin verspricht, seinen dritten Wunsch zu verwenden, um Genie zu befreien, obwohl der letztere zunächst zögernd ist, zuzustimmen. Sobald Aladdin beruhigt, dass er die Wahrheit sagt, hofft die Hoffnung über Genie, und ein Versprechen ist gesetzt, bevor die Aufmerksamkeit auf Aladdins erster Wunsch gegeben wird: Er macht ihn zu einem Prinzen, um eine Beziehung mit Prinzessin Jasmin gesetzlich zu erlauben. Da nur ein Fürst die Prinzessin heiraten kann. Zusammen mit neuer Kleidung wird Aladdin den Alias Prince Ali gegeben und reist nach Agrabah mit der Begleitung einer aufwändigen Parade, die von einem verkleideten Genie geführt wird. Genies Ratschläge, wie man richtig eine Beziehung mit Jasmine. Obwohl die Vorderseite genug ist, um den Sultan zu beeindrucken. Jasmin ist weniger als amüsiert von Alis auffälliger Natur, ohne ihn als einen anderen pompösen Freier zu ignorieren, der sie sieht, als nichts als ein Preis zu gewinnen. In dieser Nacht klagt Aladdin seine Dummheit und fühlt sich verloren, was er noch tun kann. Er fragt nach Genies Ratschläge, obwohl er nur Aladdin rät, den Akt zu fallen und sich selbst zu sein, zu dem Aladdin spottet, dass Jasmin niemals eine Assoziation mit einer bloßen Straßenratte haben würde. Aladdin gibt sich ein Boot von falschem Vertrauen und fliegt bis zu Jasmines Balkon auf Teppich, einen weiteren Versuch, die Prinzessin Aufmerksamkeit zu verdienen, aber scheitert wieder als Ergebnis der Einhaltung der Prinz Ali Persona. Genie verkleidet sich als Biene, um Aladdin zu schlafen, wird aber abgeschafft. Aladdin entschuldigt sich dennoch für Jasmine für sein Verhalten und fängt an, sich wegen der letzten offensichtlichen Intoleranz zu verlassen, obwohl das Aussehen des Teppichs ihre Neugier entfacht. Zu wissen, dass Jasmin das Gefühl der Freiheit genauso wie er tut, Aladdin bietet der Prinzessin eine Fahrt auf Teppich, auf die sie annimmt. Danach haben die beiden erfolgreich eine romantische Beziehung erblüht, aber das verursacht Ärger für Jafar, der Jasmine für die Macht heiraten möchte. Aladdin wird von den königlichen Wächtern pro Jafars bestellt und in den Grund des Meeres geworfen. Er schafft es, die Lampe zu reiben, kurz bevor er die Prägnanz verliert. Ein panischer Genie benutzt gewissermaßen Aladdins zweiter Wunsch, ihn zu retten, ihn zurück zu landen und so sein Leben zu retten. Aladdin bedanke sich herzlich bei Genie für sein Mitgefühl, das antwortet, indem er eine wachsende Vorliebe für die Rattenrasse einnimmt. Genie nimmt dann Aladdin zurück in den Palast, wo Jafars Verrat offenbart wird. Kurz bevor er den Sultanenwachen entgeht, bemerkt Jafar, dass die Genies-Lampe in Aladdins-Turban versteckt ist und anschließend seinen Papagei, Iago, schickt. Es zu stehlen. Als Aladdin seine Schuld und seine Frustration ausdrückt, sinkt Genies Hoffnung auf Freiheit. Am nächsten Tag gratuliert Genie Aladdin zu seinem Erfolg, wie Jasmine offiziell Ali als ihren Freier gewählt hat. Leider ist Aladdin unwürdig von Jasmines Liebe, aufgrund der Tatsache, dass seine Person auf einer Lüge gebaut ist. Genie aber fühlt sich glücklich und hoffnungsvoll, dass Aladdin nun sein Versprechen behalten und ihn befreien würde. Wegen seines vorerwähnten Schuldgefühls glaubt Aladdin, dass er nicht in der Lage ist, die Russe ohne Genie aufrecht zu erhalten und die Freiheit der Verzweiflung zu verweigern. Ein niedergeschlagener Genie beklagt sein Gefühl des Verrats, bevor er zu seiner Lampe zurückkehrt und Aladdin hinter sich lässt, um über seine Wahl nachzudenken. Mit Reue und Selbstlosigkeit, die ihn verzehrt hat, macht Aladdin die Entscheidung, Jasmine die Wahrheit zu sagen, so dass die Lampe hinter sich gelassen wird, als er es verlässt und es erlaubt, in die Hände (er, Flügel) von Iago zu fallen. Ein dämonischer Genie, der den Sultanspalast unter Jafars kontrolliert. Als Genie noch einmal einberufen wird, fängt er an, Aladdin zu beschimpfen, nur um zu finden, dass Jafar jetzt der Meister der Lampe ist. Genie ist dann gezwungen, Jafars zuerst zu wünschen, auf Hoch als Sultan zu regieren, den Jasmines Vater seines Titels zu streichen und in eine ungeheuerliche Größe zu verwandeln, um den Palast auf einen hohen Berg zu stellen. Aladdin versucht, Genie zu stoppen, aber der letztere kann sich nur entschuldigen und erklärt, dass er den Befehlen seines neuen Meisters folgen muss. Sehnsucht durch die Verwendung von Angst, will Jafar der mächtigste Zauberer der Welt werden, den Genie ängstlich gewährt. Jafar nutzt seine neuen Kräfte, um Alis eine wahre Identität zu Jasmin zu offenbaren und ihn anschließend an die Enden der Erde neben Abu und Teppich zu verbannen. Genie kann nur die Szene in Verzweiflung entfalten, und so wie Jafar die Kontrolle über die Welt übernimmt. Im dystopischen Agrabah sitzt Genie in depressivem Schweigen, als Jafar den gefangenen Jasmin und den ehemaligen Sultan ununterbrochen quält. Glücklicherweise Aladdin, Abu und Teppich zurück, Elating Genie, obwohl er Aladdin warnt, dass er nicht in der Lage sein wird, ihm zu helfen, dass seine Lampe im Besitz von Jafar war. Aladdin macht einen verstohlenen Versuch, die Lampe zu stehlen, aber Jafar zeigt ihn und Angriffe. Genie beobachtet hilflos, wie die beiden Gegner kämpfen, obwohl er Aladdin ganz durchmacht. Wenn Aladdin in die Enge getrieben wird, sieht er zu einem furchtbaren Genie um Hilfe und bekommt die Idee, Jafar zu einem allmächtigen Genie zu machen. Obwohl entsetzt durch den Gedanken an einen so grausamen Mann, der alle Macht im Universum hat, gewährt Genie widerwillig Jafars Wunsch. Leider für Jafar, die Kräfte eines Genies kommen mit einem Preis, und der ehemalige Winzer wird bald in seiner eigenen schwarzen Lampe gefangen. Der jetzt freigegebene Genie, der sich verabschiedet hat, verabschiedet sich von Aladdin. Jafars-Magie auf das Königreich und seine Bewohner werden aufgehoben, und ein freudiger Genie feiert die Schurken, indem sie die Lampen an die Höhle der Wunder schlagen, um 10.000 Jahre Gefängnis zu gewährleisten. Danach entschuldigt sich Aladdin bei Jasmine, um sie zu belügen und akzeptiert die Tatsache, dass sie nie zusammen sein können. Genie schaut traurig und fordert Aladdin auf, seinen endgültigen Wunsch zu nutzen, wieder ein Prinz zu werden, der bereit ist, seine Freiheit für die Liebe zu verlieren, die Aladdin und Jasmine teilen. Aladdin weigert sich, weiterhin eine Lüge zu leben, und wünscht Genies Freiheit, viel zu den letzten Schocks. Genie unterzieht sich einer Umwandlung, verliert seine Fesseln und nebligen Schwanz und symbolisiert seine neu entdeckte Freiheit. Genie ist ekstatisch, und eifrig setzt er seine Sicht auf das Sehen der Welt, aber nicht vor dem Bieten Aladdin Abschied und behauptet, dass letzterer immer ein Prinz in seinen Augen sein wird. Genies Worte veranlassen den Sultan, das Gesetz abzuschaffen, das Aladdin und Jasmin trennt, und glaubt, dass Aladdin sich für die Jasmin-Liebe bewährt hat. Genie feiert fröhlich den romantischen Moment, bevor er Agrabah verlässt, um seine Reisen zu beginnen, mit Aladdin und Jasmin, der ihn sieht, wie er es tut. Zu Ehren ihres Engagements teilen sich Aladdin und Jasmin eine großzügige Zauberteppichfahrt. Als sie in die Nacht fliegen, wacht ein ehrlicher Genie (in Form eines Mondes) über ihnen auf. Genie in der Rückkehr von Jafar. In der 1994 Direkt-zu-Video-Folge Die Rückkehr von Jafar. Genie kehrt nach Agrabah zurück und entscheidet, dass die Welt nicht so groß ist, ohne dass seine Freunde es mit teilen. Er erzählt Aladdin und Jasmin, dass er nicht mehr so mächtig ist, wie er einmal war, weil freie Genies nicht so stark sind wie die von Lampen gebundenen Genies. Anstatt phänomenale kosmische Kräfte mit einem lebendigen Wohnraum zu haben, hat er nun halbphänomenale, fast kosmische Kräfte und ist so frei wie ein Vogel. Trotz der Tatsache, dass er etwas von seiner Macht verloren hat, als er befreit wurde, scheint er immer noch so mächtig zu sein, wie Jafar im ersten Film ist, nachdem er seinen zweiten Wunsch gemacht hat und der mächtigste Zauberer der Welt wird. Er kann fliegen, Form-Shift, zaubern Dinge aus der Luft, und machen sie verschwinden. In jener Nacht, als Jasmine bei Aladdin wütend wird, um sie zu verbergen, dass er Iago wieder in den Palast gebracht hat, überzeugt Genie Iago, Aladdin und Jasmine wieder zusammen zu helfen. Später wird er von Jafar konfrontiert und neben Abu eingesperrt. Jafar ist in der Lage, dies zu tun, weil er noch an seine Lampe gebunden war und somit Zugang zu all der Macht hatte, die mit ihm kam. Wenn Jafar von seiner Lampe von Abis Mal befreit worden wäre, wäre seine Macht herabgestuft worden, und er wäre höchstwahrscheinlich genauso mächtig wie Genie, aber nicht mehr mächtig. Ironischerweise will Jafar ein Genie werden, um noch mächtiger zu werden, als er bereits war, und es kam mit einem Preis. Wenn Jafar befreit worden wäre, wäre er nur so mächtig gewesen, wie er war, bevor er ein Genie wurde und seinen dritten Wunsch zu einem Abfall machte. Nachdem er von einem moralisch verwirrten Iago von Jafars Gefängnis befreit worden ist, rettet Genie Aladdin, indem er von den Palastwachen hingerichtet wird, die Jafar in den Glauben gezwungen hatte, dass Aladdin den Sultan ermordet hatte. Gemeinsam entscheiden sie, dass Jafar ein für allemal gestoppt werden muss und Genie sagt, dass der einzige Weg, Jafar zu zerstören, seine Lampe zu zerstören ist. Genie versucht später, die Jafars-Lampe diskret zu packen, ist aber nicht in der Lage, dies zu tun. Als Aladdin versucht, die Lampe vor Jafar zu packen, bläst Jafar ihn aus dem Thronsaal in den Palastgarten, und Genie rettet Aladdin vor schwerer Verletzung, indem er ihn fängt, wenn er fällt. Er unterstützt dann Aladdin in der letzten Schlacht gegen Jafar durch Form-Verschiebung in Aladdin in einem Versuch, ihn abzulenken, während Aladdin seine Lampe packt. Allerdings fängt Jafar rechtzeitig an, um Aladdin davon abzuhalten, seine Lampe zu erreichen. Zum Glück gelingt es dem reformierten Iago, die Jafars-Lampe in die Lava zu bringen und damit Jafar zu zerstören. Während dies geschieht, speichert Genie Jasmin und Abu aus einer gefährlichen Situation, da der Boden sich wieder schließt. Als er herausfindet, dass Iago die Schlacht überlebt hat, feiert er, indem er sich in ein Feuerwerk verwandelt. Genie in der Aladdin TV-Serie. Genie hat eine große Rolle in der Aladdin-Fernsehserie, zwischen der Rückkehr von Jafar und Aladdin und dem König der Diebe. In der Serie, dass seine Macht nach seiner Freiheit abgesenkt, haben die Schurken in der Serie eine bessere Chance ein Erfolg, aber nicht extrem. Während er Monster schlägt und den Tag rettet, wenn die Helden in Schwierigkeiten sind, macht er nichts für sie. Weil er etwas von seiner Macht verloren hat, als er befreit wurde, kann er nicht jedes Problem lösen, das mit dem Fingerabdruck aufkommt, also ist es oft bis zu Aladdin und seinen Freunden, ihre eigenen Kämpfe zu machen und sich selbst zu retten. Allerdings ist er immer noch ein unentbehrliches Mitglied der Gruppe. Es gibt viele, viele Gelegenheiten in der TV-Serie, wo Genies Magie entscheidend für die Helden ist zu gewinnen und die Situation wäre ohne ihn hoffnungslos gewesen. Es wird auch während der verschiedenen Zeiten in der Show gezeigt, dass er versucht, seine Identität als Genie zu verbergen, um sicherzustellen, dass niemand versucht, seine Macht zu missbrauchen wie die Ratte, wo Aladdin sagt, dass er niemals seine Kräfte wieder missbrauchen will, in Niemals sagen Nefir, wo er ein menschliches Aussehen annahm, in Fowl Weather, wo er sich vor einem jungen Waisenjungen versteckt, und in Moonlight Madness, wo er seinen Schwanz in ein Paar Beine verwandelt, während er einen Nahrungsmittelkampf mit Iago und Abu auf dem Marktplatz hat, wo viele Zuschauer sind. Im Laufe der Show begegnet Genie einem Liebesinteresse, einem Genie namens Eden. Im Gegensatz zu Genie hat sie noch einen Meister. Mehrere Episoden drehen sich um Genie sowie einige wiederkehrende Serienplots. In einigen Episoden wird Genie von dem bösen Zauberer Mozenrath gejagt, damit er Genies Mächte für das Böse gebrauchen kann. Andere Episoden-Plots beinhalten, von einem Genies-Naturfeind gejagt zu werden, der Mukhtar, der später mit Genie befreundet wird, nachdem Genie sein Leben rettet, während sie zusammen an einem gemeinsamen Ziel arbeiten. Genie in Aladdin und der König der Diebe. Aladdin und Jasmin sind im Begriff zu wed und der aufgeregte Genie verbringt den Morgen vorbereiten. Er schmückt die Stadt und informiert die Bürger über die besondere Veranstaltung. Er ist auch Aladdins besten Mann sowie Hochzeitsplaner, Dekorateur, Kammerdiener und mehr. Während der Zeremonie werden Genie und seine Freunde von den vierzig Dieben angegriffen. Genie Schlachten mit Leichtigkeit mit den Schurken Rückzug. Nachdem der Staub sich besiegt hat, hat Genie die Aufgabe, die Hochzeit wieder aufzubauen und neu zu organisieren. Aladdin lernt, dass sie nach einem Zepter waren, das ein Orakel entfesselt. Das Oracle hat die Antwort auf jede Frage und Aladdin nutzt die Gelegenheit, den Verbleib seines Vaters zu lernen. Genie und die anderen finden heraus hes der König der Diebe und während Aladdin geht, um ihn zu finden, bleibt Genie zurück, um den Hochzeitspavillon zu reparieren. Nach der Zeit vergeht Jasmine, um sich für Aladdins Sicherheit zu sorgen, bis Genie hereinkommt und eine Mischung aus Komödie und Herz benutzt, um Jasmin von Aladdins Sicherheit zu sichern und sie aufzumuntern. Er und Jasmin verbringen Zeit, das Thema für die Hochzeit und verschiedene Outfits zu planen. An diesem Morgen kommen Aladdin und die anderen mit einem geheimnisvollen Mann an. Genie wird gesagt, dass der Mann der König der Diebe ist. Genie, in Schock, nutzt seine High-Tech-Sicherheitssystem, um einen Angriff vorzubereiten, aber es wird gesagt, dass der Mann ist Aladdins Vater, Cassim. Genie begrüßt ihn schnell in die Familie. In dieser Nacht ist Cassim als der König der Diebe ausgesetzt und gefangen zu versuchen, das Zepter mit Iago zu stehlen. Nachdem Razoul den Sultan alarmiert hat, hat er keine andere Wahl, als ihn hinter Gittern zu bringen. Nachdem er von Genie seine Väterkleidung angefordert hat, bricht Aladdin Cassim und Iago aus und ist bereit für die Strafe, aber Genie und Jasmin nehmen für ihn den Sultan auf und verzeihen. Genie versucht Aladdins Wut zu erleichtern und überzeugt ihn, seinen Vater zu retten, nachdem er von seinem ehemaligen Schergen doppelt gekreuzt worden war. Sie gehen auf eine Insel, wo liegt die Hand von Midas. Genie fängt an, die Insel zu versenken, während Aladdin und die anderen die Diebe bekämpfen und Cassim retten. Nach allem ist gut, Genie besucht die Hochzeit und Uhren Aladdin und Jasmin fliegen auf Teppich. Während der Post-Credits-Szene erscheint Genie auf dem schwarzen Bildschirm und sagt Spiel über Mann Spiel vorbei (ein Hinweis auf eine ähnliche Linie durch den Charakter Hudson von Aliens (1986), bevor er magisch verschwindet, was darauf hinweist, dass der Film die letzte Tranche der Aladdin Trilogie In einer Reihe von kurzen Segmente namens Great Minds Think For Sich, spielte während der ersten zwei Staffeln von Disneys Ein Samstag Morgen, Genie spricht über historische Charaktere und Ereignisse wie George Washington Carver und Louis Armstrong Robin Williams veröffentlichte seine Rolle für diese Segmente Kameos und andere Auftritte Genie macht einen kurzen Kamee-Auftritt in der Quack Pack-Episode Ducks By Nature auf dem Fernseher, den Huey, Dewey und Louie anschauen. In den 101 Dalmatiner: Die Serie Episode Home ist wo die Bark Is ist, Genies Silhouette Und Aladdin, als einer der Passagiere eines U-Bahn-Zuges der Dalmatiner reiten. Genie macht eine Kamee im Hercules: Die Animations-Serie Crossover-Episode Hercules und die Arabische Nacht, in der er Schmerzen und Panik zurück schlägt In die Unterwelt, wenn sie von Aladdin in die Lampe getrieben werden (nur seine Hand ist zu sehen). Genie mit mehreren anderen Disney-Figuren im House of Mouse. Genie macht zahlreiche Auftritte in der Serie House of Mouse. In der Regel mit Abu, Iago und Jafar gefunden. In Mickeys Magisches Weihnachten. Genie nimmt an dem Ende Lied teil und wird auf der Bühne mit einem Mikrofon gesehen. Genie wurde von seiner Lampe während der Belegschaft des Gastes in der Episode gesehen. Von Von Drake. In Big Bad Wolf Daddy, wurde er in der Menge während der gleichnamigen Zeichen Finale Nummer gesehen. Genie ist auch in der Küche mit anderen Helden in Mickeys House of Villains gefangen. Ebenso wie das finale Lied von Mickeys Magical Christmas: Eingebettet im House of Mouse. Genie ist prominent in zwei animierten Shorts vorgestellten auf dem Platinum und Diamond Editon Releases von Aladdin Inside der Genies Lampe und The Genie World Tour. Zuerst entkommt Iago der Jafars-Lampe und betritt Genies, was zufällig das Gegenteil von einem Bitty-Wohnraum ist, wie es beschrieben wurde. In der letzteren kurz, schickt er neugierig eine magische Postkarte mit Fotos von seiner Reise um die Welt zu Jafars Lampe in der Höhle der Wunder. Im Jahr 2004 erschien Genie in einer kommerziellen Förderung der Make-A-Wish-Stiftung. Genie macht eine nicht sprechende Kamee in Form einer Silhouette während des Finals von The Lion King 1. Beitritt zu mehreren anderen Disney-Figuren beim Anschauen des Films. Eine emoticon Version von Genie erschien in der Aladdin Eintrag der As Told von Emoji kurze Serie. Kurz gesagt, sein Lampengefängnis wurde als smartwatch stilisiert. James Monroe Iglehart als Genie im Broadway-Musikgenie Genie spielt eine große und bemerkenswerte Rolle in der Broadway-Bühnenanpassung des Films, dargestellt von James Monroe Iglehart. Seit dem Shows-Debüt im Jahr 2014 hat Igleharts-Darstellung von Genie kritischen Beifall von Publikum und Kritikern erhalten, gleichermaßen gewann einen Tony Award für den besten Schauspieler und interessante Echoing der Empfang von Robin Williams ursprüngliche Darstellung von ihm im Jahr 1992. In dieser Version, Genie Ersetzt den Gepäter, der berühmt ist, um arabische Nächte zu singen, die sich auf das ursprüngliche Konzept des Händlers zurückführen, um ihn am Ende des ersten Films zu enthüllen. Als solches führt er arabische Nächte aus und verschwindet bis zu seiner ikonischen Einleitung in die Höhle der Wunder. Wie in der Vorlage, bietet Genie schwere Komödie und schnelllebigen Dialog in der ganzen Geschichte, von denen einige Pop-Kultur-Referenzen, selbstbewussten Humor und vierte Wand Witze enthält. Bemerkenswert ist, in der erweiterten Broadway-Version von Friend Like Me, fügt er ein Medley von beliebten Alan Menken (der Mann hinter der Musik beider Versionen von Aladdin) einschließlich Schönheit und das Biest. Die kleine Meerjungfrau . Und Pocahontas. An dem Tag, an dem die Nachricht kam, dass Robin Williams gestorben war, spielte James den Song Friend Like Me mit dem Rest der Besetzung am Ende der Show als Hommage an den legendären Schauspieler. Videospiele Aladdin Videospiele In der Videospiel-Anpassung von Aladdin. Genies Rolle ist mehr oder weniger die gleiche wie im Film. Kingdom Hearts-Serie In der populären RPG-Franchise spielt Genie eine wiederkehrende Rolle, die ursprünglich als ein bedeutender Charakter in der Welt von Agrabah vorgestellt wurde und seine Rolle aus dem Originalfilm während der Abenteuer der heroischen Sora wiedererlangte. Donald Duck. Und Goofy, während sie in Disney-Welten reisen, um Feinde zu besiegen, die als das Herzlose bekannt sind, das Genie in der Lage ist, mit großer Leichtigkeit herauszukommen, dass seine Macht so unermesslich war. Seit seinem Debüt in den original Kingdom Hearts. Genie wurde regelmäßig als Beschwörung für Sora, ein Disney-Begleiter, der Sora während seiner Abenteuer außerhalb der jeweiligen Welten, aus denen sie stammen, unterstützt. Die Rolle würde in Kingdom Hearts fortsetzen: Chain of Memories und Kingdom Hearts II (die er eine wesentlich kleinere Rolle spielte). Neben Teppich, obwohl in Agrabah, würde Genie auch in Kingdom Hearts 3582 Tage während der Abenteuer des Charakters Roxas vorgestellt werden. Eine Datenversion von Genie würde auch in Kingdom Hearts Re: codiert erscheinen. Im ersten Spiel nutzt Genie Magie in einer Technik, die als Showtime bekannt ist, in der er eine zufällige Magie wie die Thunder, Gravity und Stop-Familien wirft. Er behält diese Fähigkeit in Chain of Memories (und seine Remake Kingdom Hearts Re: Chain of Memories), obwohl in diesem Spiel die Ebene von Showtime bestimmt, wie viele Zaubersprüche dieser drei Zaubersprüche Genie wird zufällig vor dem Verlassen geworfen. In Kingdom Hearts II. Er hat eine Replik des Keyblades und kann auch Soras Drive Forms replizieren, indem er Limits verwendet, die mit den Formularen verbunden sind, um Feinde auf Soras Laune anzugreifen. Die einzige Ausnahme ist Soras Limit Form, da diese Form ursprünglich in Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix eingeführt wurde. Genie ist ein nicht spielbarer Charakter im Spiel und dient als Gastgeber. Genie begleitet Aladdin im Mickeys Soundsational Parade Mini-Spiel. Wie in der eigentlichen Parade, ist Genie vor Aladdins Schwimmer gesehen. Er erscheint auch als freigeschaltete Begegnung in Adventureland. Nachdem er aus dem Versteck herauskommt, bittet Genie den Spieler, Bilder von den Outfits zu nehmen, die von den anderen Prinzessinnen im ganzen Park getragen werden, da er versprochen hat, ein neues Kleid für Jasmin zu machen, ist aber nicht auf dem Laufenden mit Prinzessin Modestilen. Später im Spiel muss Aladdin die Stücke von einigen Skarabäus finden, damit er eine neue Halskette für Jasmin machen kann. Nachdem der Spieler die Skarabäus erholt hat, nehmen sie sie zu Genie, um sie zu beheben. Leider, wenn Genie sie behebt, verwandeln sie sich in fliegende goldene Skarabäus und fliegen ab. Der Spieler muss dann fangen und sie nach Aladdin bringen. Genie ist ein Auftritt in Disney INFINITY als Townsperson. In der 3DS-Version wird er einem Spieler drei Wünsche gewähren. Eins ist ein Emblem, das zweite ist, um alle Charaktere hochzuladen, und das dritte ist 200 Münzen. Es gibt vielleicht mehr Wünsche. Er wird auch von Jasmin und Aladdin erwähnt, wenn sie sich nivellieren, was Jasmin sagt, dass sie glaubt, dass es mehr Menschen gibt, die Magie wie ihn haben, und Aladdin sagt, dass er bald so mächtig sein wird wie Genie. Genie bei Tokyo DisneySea. Genie appears in the water spectacular in World of Color at Disney California Adventure. In the middle of the show, following Aladdin and Jasmine, he sings Friend Like Me in dazzling light and water sparks. He also appeared as a puppet in the pre-show, Carnival of Color . The puppet was later reused in the Paint the Night parade, along with Tigger and Lumire. Genie also appeared as the main attraction of Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular . formerly played at Disneys California Adventure and currently aboard the Disney Fantasy cruise ship. In the show, Genie plays out the same role in the film, and each actor channels Robin Willams original performance by incorporating pop culture references and mixing the jokes nearly each show to reflect current events in the world and entertainment. Genie appears in the Disneys Hollywood Studios version of Fantasmic . during the bubble sequence where he dances to Friend Like Me. He later appeared in the steamboat finale in 2013. In SpectroMagic . Genie appeared in the band unit of the parade, conducting Goofy. Chip n Dale and the Golden Harp. Genies part was initially taken on by Roger Rabbit. but issues with Amblin led to Rogers replacement. Genie was one of the heroes that Mickey Mouse called out to help in the former Castle Show Cinderellas Surprise Celebration . He fights off Jafar. who had been called by The Evil Queen in her attempts to take over the kingdom. Genie is also an unofficial mascot of DisneyQuest. Upon entering at ground level, one is brought by an elevator (here called a cybrolator, containing a short amp humorous animation of Genie welcoming you) up to the center of the third floor (the Ventureport), where ones visit begins. He is also heard on the end-of-day closing announcements. When a game or attraction is down, a sign reading The Genie has spotted a technical problem. is displayed. In Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom . Genie guides the park guests during their quest to defeat Jafar in Adventureland. Genie also assists the guests in the final battle but is tied to a chair and gagged by Jafars magic. After Jafar is defeated, Genie is freed and rejoices in the defeat of his foe alongside Merlin. In Star Tours: The Adventures Continue . Genie makes a cameo on the luggage scanner run by G2-9T. Other Disney Characters and droids are also being smuggled onto the Star Speeders. Genie can also be seen in a poster in the queue area of Mickeys PhilharMagic . For meet-and-greets, he can sometimes be found with Aladdin and Jasmine in Adventureland. In the Tokyo DisneySea version of Fantasmic . Genie gets a full sequence based on Friend Like Me. At this 3-D film and live-action hybrid show, The Magic Lamp Theater . at Tokyo DisneySea, Genie plays a part in a magic act, but he and his lamp are locked away when the magician he is helping grows jealous of his power. Now, the magicians apprentice seeks to release Genie and give the audience a real magic show. Genie also appeared in the show Springtime Surprise performed at Arabian Coast. and is a centerpiece of a topiary of himself holding Duffy in his hand located near the entrance to the port-of-call. His likeness can also be found in the same park some of which has him appearing as other Disney characters such as Ariel from The Little Mermaid . The current version of the Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade: DreamLights includes the Genie float. LED lights on the Genies skin change into various Disney characters (Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Tigger, etc.). At the Walt Disney Studios Park. Genie appears in Mickey and the Magician . where he is summoned from the lamp by the shows titular star and performs a Broadway-inspired rendition of Friend Like Me. In Adventureland. models of Genie are featured throughout the walkthrough attraction Le Passage Enchant dAladdin . Genie appears in Mickey and the Wondrous Book in Storybook Theater. After he performs Friend like Me, he tells the guests that a genies life is like all wishes and no play. Suddenly, he hears a trumpet playing in the next page of the Wondrous Book, and he feels a blast. He then tells Mickey to follow the music beyond the Cave of Wonders. In Shanghai, Genie is featured on a float during Mickeys Storybook Express parade. He also appears as the centerpiece of the Aladdin display in Voyage to the Crystal Grotto . Genie also stars in his own segment during Ignite the Dream . performing Friend Like Me after being released from the lamp by Mickey Mouse. In Disney Believe . Genie is the lead Disney character and the leader of the magic makers that help a practical father believe in magic. Genie first appears inside the fathers home and informs him about the journey hes about to venture on. At the end, Genie and the magic makers celebrate the fathers new imagination. Genie was listed 20 in Empire Magazines The 50 Best Animated Movie Characters. Stating his stroke of genius as the Prince Ali musical number, which sees Genie perform the main song but also transform himself into crowd members to start a hundred different rumors as Aladdin, disguised as a prince, makes his triumphal entry into the city. Before Robin Williams was cast, actors like Eddie Murphy. John Candy. and Steve Martin were considered to voice him. Genies weakness is sealed bottles and containers, which hes (unfortunately) easily tricked into. The designers had a hard time creating Genie, because they wanted him to be a character that could only exist in the realm of imagination, and to do that, they shaped him like a living cloud of smoke. Animator Eric Goldberg once said that he always imagined Genie as being Jewish. This could be why Genie sometimes uses Yiddish phrases. In Aladdin and the King of Thieves . Genie turned into one of his voice actors (Robin Williams) characters, Mrs. Doubtfire, when trying to cheer Jasmine up. Genies appearance may have been inspired by a type of Djinn known as the Marid. Traditionally believed to be the most powerful classification of Djinn, the Marida (plural form of Marid) are known also as the Blue Djinn for their likewise skin texture. There is an homage made to Genie in The Princess and the Frog . As Mama Odie quickly digs through a pile of magical objects during Dig a Little Deeper , his magic lamp gets tossed to one side. This makes him one of the four Disney characters referenced in the movie, with Magic Carpet. King Triton and Prince Charming being the other three. Robin Williams was allowed to improvise much of his performance, which is pretty unusual in animation. His initial recordings included about 52 separate characters, which Eric Goldberg then took and worked with, picking the funniest bits to animate. When Genie is discussing his wish for freedom, he briefly assumes a form resembling that of Genie Jafar and stands before a similar cosmic background to what Jafar was at the climax of the first movie. Whether this is intentional on Disneys part (i. e. foreshadowing Jafars comeuppance), or merely coincidental is unknown. Ironically, the two images have opposite contexts: Genie assumes the form to lament his great power but a lack of freedom, while Jafar assumes the form while reveling in his great power. Furthermore, both scenes have the phrase phenomenal cosmic power and itty bitty living space spoken, the first by the (blue) Genie and the second by Aladdin himself. Genie is one of several Disney characters to break the fourth wall during his appearances in Kingdom Hearts . others include Donald and Mushu in the Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories manga, after Genie is free, he lists the places he wants to go. He then says Heck, I could even go behind the page. The reason why Robin Williams refused to reprise his role as Genie in The Return of Jafar is because he had an agreement with Disney to not exaggerate his role, but they broke it as Genie appeared as the biggest part of Aladdin merchandising. Even though Genie said that one of the natural limitations of a genie is that they cant bring people back from the dead, its implied that Genie can bring people back from the dead, but he just simply doesnt like doing it. Genie once made a speaking cameo appearance in The Simpsons episode Mypods and Boomsticks, where he talked to Homer Simpson, which was intended as an inside joke, as Dan Castellaneta also voices Homer. Genies Goofy costume worn at the end of Aladdin is a nod to Robin Williams costume worn in the 1989 Disney short, Back to Never Land . There is a common popular fan theory about the Peddler who appears in the beginning of the film to be Genie in disguise. In an article by Laura Bradley on the Slate website. says that the rumor has been confirmed by Ron Clements where he explains that there was supposed to be a big reveal at the end but it was ultimately cut. However, fans were able to pick up on subtle hints that the merchant was Genie such as his blue clothing, red sash, bushy eyebrows and beard ending in a curl, the fact both characters had only four fingers in contrast to everyone else who had five, and the fact both were voiced by Robin Williams. He is mentioned in Once Upon a Time though in respect for Robin Williams. the Genie doesnt appear. When Aladdin steals a Genies Lamp from Mr. Gold s pawnshop, Jasmine asks whether the Genie is inside, to which Aladdin replies that he is free and has moved on. Before Robin Williams was cast, George Wendt. John Goodman. John Candy. Rodney Dangerfield and Dan Aykroyd originally auditioned for the role of Genie. References Aladdin Platinum Edition, Disc 2: Diamond in the Rough: The Making of AladdinHistory of Egypt The origins of ancient Egyptian civilization, which many regard as one of the fountainheads of Western culture, cannot be established with certainty. Archaeological evidence suggests that early dwellers in the Nile Valley were influenced by cultures of the Near East, but the degree of this influence is yet to be determined. Describing the development of Egyptian civilization, like attempts to identify its intellectual foundations, is largely a process of conjecture based on archaeological discoveries of enduring ruins, tombs, and monuments, many of which contain invaluable specimens of the ancient culture. Inscriptions in hieroglyphs, for instance, have provided priceless data. The framework for the study of the Dynastic period of Egyptian history, between the 1st dynasty and the Ptolemaic period, relies on the Aegyptiaca of Manetho, a Ptolemaic priest of the 3rd century BC, who organized the countrys rulers into 30 dynasties, roughly corresponding to families. General agreement exists on the division of Egyptian history, up to the conquest of Alexander the Great, into Old, Middle, and New kingdoms with intermediate periods, followed by the late and Ptolemaic periods, but chronology and genealogy are continually being refined in light of new evidence and by the use of increasingly sophisticated dating techniques. Prehistory: Some 60,000 years ago the Nile River began its yearly inundation of the land along its banks, leaving behind rich alluvial soil. Areas close to the floodplain became attractive as a source of food and water. In time, climatic changes, including periods of aridity, further served to confine human habitation to the Nile Valley, although this was not always true. From the Chalcolithic period (the Copper age, beginning about 4000 BC) into the early part of the Old Kingdom, people apparently used an extended part of the land. In the 7th millennium BC, Egypt was environmentally hospitable, and evidence of settlements from that time has been found in the low desert areas of southern, or Upper, Egypt remains of similar occupation have been discovered at Nubian sites in modern Sudan. Enough pottery has been found in Upper Egyptian tombs from the 4th millennium BC (in the Predynastic period) to establish a relative dating sequence. The Predynastic period, which ends with the unification of Egypt under one king, is generally subdivided into three parts, each of which refers to the site at which its archaeological materials were found: Badarian, Amratian (Naqada I), and Gerzean (Naqada II and III). Northern sites (from about 5500 BC) have yielded datable archaeological material of apparent cultural continuity but no long-term sequences such as those found in the south. Early Dynastic (or Archaic) Period: Archaeological sources indicate the emergence, by the late Gerzean period (about 3200 BC), of a dominant political force that was to become the consolidating element in the first united kingdom of ancient Egypt. The earliest known hieroglyphic writing dates from this period soon the names of early rulers began to appear on monuments. This period began with a 0 Dynasty, which had as many as 13 rulers, ending with Narmer (about 3100 BC), followed by the 1st and 2nd dynasties (about 3100-2755 BC), with at least 17 kings. Some of the earliest massive mortuary structures (predecessors of the pyramids) were built at Abydos, and elsewhere during the 1st and 2nd dynasties. The Old Kingdom: The Old Kingdom (about 2755-2255 BC) spanned five centuries of rule by the 3rd through the 6th dynasties. The capital was in the north, at Memphis, and the ruling monarchs held absolute power over a strongly unified government. Religion played an important role in fact, the government had evolved into a theocracy, wherein the Pharaohs. as the rulers were called, were both absolute monarchs and, also gods on earth. The 3rd Dynasty was the first of the Memphite houses, and its second ruler, Zoser, or Djoser, who reigned about 2737-2717 BC, emphasized national unity by balancing northern and southern motifs in his mortuary buildings at Sakkara. His architect, Imhotep, used stone blocks rather than traditional mud bricks in the complex there, thus creating the first monumental structure of stone its central element, the Step Pyramid, was Zosers tomb. In order to deal with affairs of state and to administer construction projects, the king began to develop an effective bureaucracy. In general, the 3rd Dynasty marked the beginning of a golden age of cultural freshness and vigor. The 4th Dynasty began with King senfru, whose building projects included the first true pyramid at Dahshor (south of sakkara ). Snefru, the earliest warrior king for whom extensive documents remain, campaigned in Nubia and Libya and was active in the Sinai. Promoting commerce and mining, he brought prosperity to the kingdom. Snefru was succeeded by his son Khufu (or Cheops), who built the Great Pyramid at Giza. Although little else is known of his reign, that monument not only attests to his power but also indicates the administrative skills the bureaucracy had gained. Khufus son Redjedef, who reigned about 2613-2603 BC, introduced the solar element (Ra, or Re) in the royal titular and the religion. Khafre (or Chephren), another son of Khufu, succeeded his brother to the throne and built his mortuary complex at Giza. The remaining rulers of the dynasty included Menkaure, or Mycerinus, who reigned about 2578-2553 BC he is known primarily for the smallest of the three large pyramids at Giza. Under the 4th Dynasty, Egyptian civilization reached a peak in its development, and this high level was generally maintained in the 5th and 6th dynasties. The splendour of the engineering feats of the pyramids was approximated in every other field of endeavour, including architecture, sculpture, painting, navigation, the industrial arts and sciences, and astronomy Memphite astronomers first created a solar calendar based on a year of 365 days. Old Kingdom physicians also displayed a remarkable knowledge of physiology, surgery, the circulatory system of the body, and antiseptics. Beginning of Decline: Although the 5th Dynasty maintained prosperity with extensive foreign trade and military incursions into Asia, signs of decreasing royal authority became apparent in the swelling of the bureaucracy and the enhanced power of no royal administrators. The last king of the dynasty, Unas, who reigned about 2428-2407 BC, was buried at sakkara. with a body of religious spells, called Pyramid Texts, carved on the walls of his pyramid chamber. Such texts were also used in the royal tombs of the 6th Dynasty. Several autobiographical inscriptions of officials under the 6th Dynasty indicate the decreasing status of the monarchy records even indicate a conspiracy against King Pepi I, who reigned about 2395-2360 BC, in which the rulers wife was involved. It is believed that during the later years of Pepi II, who reigned about 2350-2260 BC, power may have been in the hands of his vizier (chief minister). Central authority over the economy was also diminished by decrees of exemption from taxes. The Nomes (districts) were rapidly becoming individually powerful, as the monarchsgovernors of the districtswere beginning to remain in place rather than being periodically transferred to different Nomes. First Intermediate Period: The 7th Dynasty marked the beginning of the First Intermediate period. As a consequence of internal strife, the reigns of this and the succeeding 8th Dynasty are rather obscure. It is clear, however, that both ruled from Memphis and lasted a total of only 25 years. By this time the powerful nomarchs were in effective control of their districts, and factions in the south and north vied for power. Under the Heracleopolitan 9th and 10th dynasties, the nomarchs near Heracleopolis controlled their area and extended their power north to Memphis (and even into the delta) and south to Asyut (Lycopolis). The rival southern nomarchs at Thebes established the 11th Dynasty, controlling the area from Abydos to Elephantine, near Syene (present-day Aswan). The early part of this dynasty, the first of the Middle Kingdom, overlapped the last part of the 10th. The Middle Kingdom: Without one centralized government, the bureaucracy was no longer effective, and regional concerns were openly championed. Egyptian art became more provincial, and no massive mortuary complexes were built. The religion was also democratized, as commoners claimed prerogatives previously reserved for royalty alone. They could, for instance, use spells derived from the royal Pyramid Texts on the walls of their own coffins or tombs. Reunification: Although the Middle Kingdom (2134-1784 BC) is generally dated to include all of the 11th Dynasty, it properly begins with the reunification of the land by Mentuhotep II, who reigned 2061-2010 BC. The early rulers of the dynasty attempted to extend their control from Thebes both northward and southward, but it was left to Mentuhotep to complete the reunification process, sometime after 2047 BC. Mentuhotep ruled for more than 50 years, and despite occasional rebellions, he maintained stability and control over the whole kingdom. He replaced some nomarchs and limited the power of the nomes, which was still considerable. Thebes was his capital, and his mortuary temple at Dayr al Bahr incorporated both traditional and regional elements the tomb was separate from the temple, and there was no pyramid. The reign of the first 12th Dynasty king, Amenemhet I, was peaceful. He established a capital near Memphis and, unlike Mentuhotep, de-emphasized Theban ties in favor of national unity. Nevertheless, the important Theban god Amon was given prominence over other deities. Amenemhet demanded loyalty from the nomes, rebuilt the bureaucracy, and educated a staff of scribes and administrators. The literature was predominantly propaganda designed to reinforce the image of the king as a quotgood shepherdquot rather than as an inaccessible god. During the last ten years of his reign, Amenemhet ruled with his son as co-regent. quotThe Story of Sinuhe, quot a literary work of the period, implies that the king was assassinated. Amenemhets successors continued his programs. His son, Sesostris I, who reigned 1962-1928 BC, built fortresses throughout Nubia and established trade with foreign lands. He sent governors to Palestine and Syria and campaigned against the Libyans in the west. Sesostris II, who reigned 1895-1878 BC, began land reclamation in Al Fayyum. His successor, Sesostris III, who reigned 1878-1843 BC, had a canal dug at the first cataract of the Nile, formed a standing army (which he used in his campaign against the Nubians), and built new forts on the southern frontier. He divided the administration into three powerful geographic units, each controlled by an official under the vizier, and he no longer recognized provincial nobles. Amenemhet III continued the policies of his predecessors and extended the land reform. A vigorous renaissance of culture took place under the Theban kings. The architecture, art, and jewelry of the period reveal an extraordinary delicacy of design, and the time was considered the golden age of Egyptian literature. Second Intermediate Period: The rulers of the 13th Dynastysome 50 or more in about 120 yearswere weaker than their predecessors, although they were still able to control Nubia and the administration of the central government. During the latter part of their rule, however, their power was challenged not only by the rival 14th Dynasty, which won control over the delta, but also by the Hyksos, who invaded from western Asia. By the 13th Dynasty there was a large Hyksos population in northern Egypt. As the central government entered a period of decline, their presence made possible an influx of people from coastal side of Phoenicia and Palestine and the establishment of a Hyksos dynasty. This marks the beginning of the Second Intermediate period, a time of turmoil and disunity that lasted for some 214 years. The Hyksos of the 15th Dynasty ruled from their capital at Avaris in the eastern delta, maintaining control over the middle and northern parts of the country. At the same time, the 16th Dynasty also existed in the delta and Middle Egypt, but it may have been subservient to the Hyksos. More independence was exerted in the south by a third contemporaneous power, the Theban 17th Dynasty, which ruled over the territory between Elephantine and Abydos. The Theban ruler Kamose, who reigned about 1576-1570 BC, battled the Hyksos successfully, but it was his brother, Ahmose who finally subdued them, reuniting Egypt. The New Kingdom: With the unification of the land and the founding of the 18th Dynasty by Ahmose I, the New Kingdom (1570-1070 BC) began. Ahmose re-established the borders, goals, and bureaucracy of the Middle Kingdom and revived its land-reclamation program. He maintained the balance of power between the nomarchs and himself with the support of the military, who were accordingly rewarded. The importance of women in the New Kingdom is illustrated by the high titles and position of the royal wives and mothers. The 18th Dynasty Kings: Once Amenhotep I, who reigned 1551-1524 BC, had full control over his administrationhe was co-regent for five yearshe began to extend Egypts boundaries in Nubia and Palestine. A major builder at Karnak, Amenhotep, unlike his predecessors, separated his tomb from his mortuary temple he began the custom of hiding his final resting place, then he continued the advances of the new Imperial Age and emphasized the preeminence of the god Amon. His tomb was the first in the Valley of the Kings. Thutmose II, his son by a minor wife, succeeded him, marrying the royal princess Hatshepsut to strengthen his claim to the throne. He maintained the accomplishments of his predecessors. When he died in 1504 BC, his heir, Thutmose III, was still a child, and so Hatshepsut governed as a regent. Within a year, she had herself crowned pharaoh, and then mother and son ruled jointly. When Thutmose III achieved sole rule upon Hatshepsuts death in 1483 BC, he reconquered Syria and Palestine, which had broken away under joint rule, and then continued to expand his empire. His annals in the temple at Karnak chronicle many of his campaigns. Nearly 20 years after Hatshepsuts death, he ordered the obliteration of her name and images. Amenhotep II, who reigned 1453-1419 BC, and Thutmose IV tried to maintain the Asian conquests in the face of growing threats from the Mitanni and Hittite states, but they found it necessary to use negotiations as well as force. Amenhotep III ruled peacefully for nearly four decades, 1386-1349 BC, and art and architecture flourished during his reign. He maintained the balance of power among Egypts neighbors by diplomacy. His son and successor, Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV), was a religious reformer who fought the power of the Amon priesthood. Akhenaton abandoned Thebes for a new capital, Akhetaton (see Tall al Amarana. which was built in honor of Aton, the disk of the sun on which his monotheistic religion centered. The religious revolution was abandoned toward the end of his reign, however, and his son-in-law, Tutankhamen, returned the capital to Thebes. Tutankhamen is known today chiefly for his richly furnished tomb, which was found nearly intact in the Valley of the Kings by the British archaeologists Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon in 1922. The 18th Dynasty ended with Horemheb, who reigned 1321-1293 BC. The Ramesside Period: The founder of the 19th Dynasty, Ramses I, who reigned 1293-1291 BC, had served his predecessor as vizier and commander of the army. Reigning only two years, he was succeeded by his son, Seti I, who reigned 1291-1279 BC he led campaigns against Syria, Palestine, the Libyans, and the Hittites. Seti built a sanctuary at Abydos. Like his father, he favored the delta capital of Pi-Ramesse (now Qantir). One of his sons, Ramses II, succeeded him and reigned for nearly 67 years. He was responsible for much construction at Luxor and Karnak, and he built the Ramesseum (his funerary temple at Thebes), the rock-cut temples at Abu Simbel, and sanctuaries at Abydos and Memphis. After campaigns against the Hittites, Ramses made a treaty with them and married a Hittite princess. His son Merneptah, who reigned 1212-1202 BC, defeated the Sea Peoples, invaders from the Aegean who swept the Middle East in the 13th century BC, and records tell of his desolating Israel. Later rulers had to contend with constant uprisings by subject peoples of the empire. The second ruler of the 20th Dynasty, Ramses III, had his military victories depicted on the walls of his mortuary complex at Medinet Habu, near Thebes. After his death the New Kingdom declined, chiefly because of the rising power of the priesthood of Amon and the army. One high priest and military commander even had himself depicted in royal regalia. Third Intermediate Period: The 21st through the 24th dynasties are known as the Third Intermediate period. Kings ruling from Tanis, in the north, vied with a line of high priests, to whom they appear to be related, from Thebes, in the south. The rulers of the 21st Dynasty may have been partially Libyan in ancestry, and the 22nd Dynasty began with Libyan chieftains as kings. As the Libyans rule deteriorated, several rivals rose to challenge them. In fact the next two dynasties, the 23rd and 24th, were contemporaneous with part of the 22nd Dynasty, just as the 25th (Kushite) Dynasty effectively controlled much of Egypt during the latter years of the 22nd and the 24th dynasties. Late Period: The 25th through the 31st dynasties ruled Egypt during the time that has come to be known as the Late Period. The Cushites ruled from about 767 BC until they were ousted by the Assyrians in 671 BC. Native rule was reestablished early in the 26th Dynasty by Psamtik I. A resurgence of cultural achievement, reminiscent of earlier epochs, reached its height in the 26th Dynasty. When the last Egyptian king was defeated by Cambyses II in 525 BC, the country entered a period of Persian domination under the 27th Dynasty. Egypt reasserted its independence under the 28th and 29th dynasties, but the 30th Dynasty was the last one of native rulers. The 31st Dynasty, which is not listed in Manethos chronology, represented the second Persian domination. The Hellenistic and Roman Periods: The occupation of Egypt by the forces of Alexander the Great in 332 BC brought an end to Persian rule. Alexander appointed Cleomenes of Naucratis, a Greek resident in Egypt, and his Macedonian general, known later as Ptolemy I, to govern the country. Although two Egyptian governors were named as well, power was clearly in the hands of Ptolemy, who in a few years took absolute control of the country. The Ptolemaic Dynasty: Rivalries with other generals, who carved out sections of Alexanders empire after his death in 323 BC, occupied much of Ptolemys time, but in 305 BC he assumed the royal title and founded the dynasty that bears his name (see Ptolemaic Dynasty). Ptolemaic Egypt was one of the great powers of the Hellenistic world, and at various times it extended its rule over parts of Syria, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Libya, Phoenicia, and other lands. Partly because native Egyptian rulers had a reduced role in affairs of state during the Ptolemaic regime, they periodically demonstrated their dissatisfaction by open revolts, all of which were, however, quickly suppressed. In the reign of Ptolemy VI, Egypt became a protectorate under Antiochus IV of Syria, who successfully invaded the country in 169 BC. The Romans, however, forced Antiochus to give up the country, which was then divided between Ptolemy VI and his younger brother, Ptolemy VIII the latter took full control upon the death of his brother in 145 BC. The succeeding Ptolemies preserved the wealth and status of Egypt while continually losing territory to the Romans. Cleopatra VII was the last great ruler of the Ptolemaic line. In an attempt to maintain Egyptian power she aligned herself with Julius Caesar and, later, Mark Antony, but these moves only postponed the end. After her forces were defeated by Roman legions under Octavian (later Emperor Augustus), Cleopatra committed suicide in 30 BC. Roman and Byzantine Rule: For nearly seven centuries after the death of Cleopatra, the Romans controlled Egypt (except for a short time in the 3rd century AD, when it came under the power of Queen Zenobia of Palmyra). They treated Egypt as a valuable source of wealth and profit and were dependent on its supply of grain to feed their multitudes. Roman Egypt was governed by a prefect, whose duties as commander of the army and official judge were similar to those of the Pharaohs of the past. The office, therefore, was one with which the native population was familiar. Because of the immense power of the prefects, however, their functions were eventually divided under Emperor Justinian, who in the 6th century AD put the army under a separate commander, directly responsible to him. Egypt in the Roman period was relatively peaceful its southern boundary at Aswan was only rarely attacked by the Ethiopians. Egypts population had become Hellenized under the Ptolemies, and it included large minorities of Greeks and Jews, as well as other peoples from Asia Minor. The mixture of the cultures did not lead to a homogeneous society, and civil strife was frequent. In 212, however, Emperor Caracalla granted the entire population citizenship in the Roman Empire. Alexandria, the port city on the Mediterranean founded by Alexander the Great, remained the capital as it had been under the Ptolemies. One of the great metropolises of the Roman Empire, it was the center of a thriving commerce between India and Arabia and the Mediterranean countries. It was the home of the great Alexandrian library and museum and had a population of some 300,000 (excluding slaves). Egypt became an economic mainstay of the Roman Empire not only because of its annual harvest of grain but also for its glass, metal, and other manufactured products. In addition, the trade brought in spices, perfumes, precious stones, and rare metals from the Red Sea ports. Once part of the empire, Egypt was subject to a variety of taxes as well. In order to control the people and placate the powerful priesthood, the Roman emperors protected the ancient religion, completed or embellished temples begun under the Ptolemies, and had their own names inscribed on them as Pharaohs the cartouches of several can be found at Isna, Kawn Umbu, Dandara, and Philae. The Egyptian cults of Isis and Serapis spread throughout the ancient world. Egypt was also an important center of early Christendom and the first one of Christian monasticism. Its Coptic or Monophysite church separated from mainstream Christianity in the 5th century. During the 7th century the power of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire was challenged by the Sassanids of Persia, who invaded Egypt in 616. They were expelled again in 628, but soon after, in 642, the country fell to the Arabs, who brought with them a new religion, Islam, and began a new chapter of Egyptian history. Egypt Under the the Byzantinans: Alienated by the religious intolerance and heavy taxation of the Byzantine government, the Coptic Egyptians offered little resistance to their Arab conquerors. A treaty was subsequently signed, by which the Egyptians agreed to pay a poll tax (jizyah) in return for an Arab promise to respect the religious practices, lives, and property of the Copts. Besides the poll tax, the male population, estimated at between 6 and 8 million, paid the kharaj, a tax levied on agricultural land. Local Government: No changes in the administration were made by the Arabs, who adopted the Byzantine decentralized system of provincial governors reporting to a chief governor, resident in the capital, Alexandria. They did, however, later move the capital to a new, more central location, called Al Fustat (quotthe tentquot), a few miles south of present-day Cairo. For the next two centuries Egypt was ruled by governors appointed by the caliph, the leader of the Muslim community. In this system, mild and generous rule alternated with severity and religious oppression, depending on the character of the governor appointed, his relationship with the population, and his financial needs. Immigration of Arab tribes and the replacement of the Coptic language by Arabic in all public documents began a slow process of Arabization that was eventually to turn Coptic-speaking Christian Egypt into a largely Muslim and wholly Arabic-speaking country. Coptic became a liturgical language. Internal Strife: Under the Abbasid caliphs (750-868), governors were appointed for brief periods, and Egypt was plagued by a series of insurrections arising from conflicts between the different sects of Muslims who had settled there: the Sunni, or orthodox majority, and the minority Shia sect. On several occasions the Copts also rose to protest excessive taxation. Such uprisings were met with repression and persecution by the government. Internal conditions became so bad in the late 8th century that a group of new immigrants from Andalusia allied themselves with an Arab tribe and seized Alexandria, holding it until an army arrived from Baghdad and exiled them to Crete. Insurrections continued to break out among the Arabs, who even defeated a governor and burned his baggage. Rebellions by the Copts continued until Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun led a Turkish army to put down the revolts in 832. This was a period of ruthless and unscrupulous governors, who abused the population and extorted money from them. The only bulwark against such oppression lay in the chief qadi, the countrys leading Muslim magistrate, who maintained the sacred lawthe Shariain the face of abuse of power, and helped ease the rapacity of the governors. Despite a predominantly rural population, commercial centers flourished, and Al Fustat grew to become a trading metropolis. From 856 onward Egypt was given as an iqta, a form of fief, to the Turkish military oligarchy that dominated the caliphate in Baghdad. In 868 Ahmad ibn Tulun, a 33-year-old Turk, was sent to the country as governor. A man of ability and education, Tulun ruled wisely and well, but he also turned Egypt into an autonomous province, linked with the Abbasids only by the yearly payment of a small tribute. Tulun built a new city, Al Qita (quotthe Wardsquot), north of Al Fustat. Under his benevolent rule Egypt prospered and expanded to annex Syria. Tuluns dynasty (the Tulunids) ruled for 37 years over an empire that included Egypt, Palestine, and Syria. The Fatimid: After the last rule by the Tulunids, the country fell into a state of anarchy. Its weak and defenseless condition made it an easy prey for the Fatimids, a Shiite dynasty that in 909, rejecting the authority of the Abbasids, had proclaimed their own caliphate in Tunisia and by the mid-10th century controlled most of North Africa. In 969 they invaded and conquered Egypt and subsequently founded a new city, Cairo, north of Al Fustat, making it their capital. See Caliphate. Al Fustat, however, remained the commercial hub of the country under the Fatimids. It was an impressive, multistoried urban center with an excellent underground sewage system. An Iranian traveler, Nasir-i-Khosrau, who visited Egypt in 1046, marveled at the rich markets and the security of the land. Egypt was then enjoying a period of tranquillity and prosperity. The Fatimids, although Shiites in their beliefs, for the most part coexisted peacefully with the predominantly Sunni population. They founded the oldest university in the world, Al Azhar, and Cairo became a great intellectual center. The Ayyubids: Tranquillity disappeared with later Fatimid rulers, who could not control their unruly regiments of Berber and Sudanese soldiers. A low Nile caused serious famine in 1065. New danger appeared with the First Crusade from western Europe, which established Christian control over Syria and Palestine in the late 1090s. The Fatimid caliphs, by now pawns in the hands of their generals, appealed to Nur ad-Din of Halab (Aleppo), and he sent an army to help them against the Crusaders in 1168. Saladin, one of Nur ad-Dins generals, was installed as vizier. In 1171 he abolished the Fatimid caliphate, founding the Ayyubid dynasty and restoring Sunni rule to Egypt. Saladin reconquered most of Syria and Palestine from the Crusaders and became the most powerful Middle Eastern ruler of this time. His nephew, Sultan al-Kamil, who reigned 1218-1238, successfully defended Egypt against a Christian attack in 1218-1221, but after his death Ayyubid power declined. The Ninth Crusade, led by Louis IX of France, was repelled in 1249, with the aid of the Mamelukes, slave troops in Ayyubid service. The following year the Mamelukes overthrew the Ayyubids and established their own ruling house. The Mamelukes The first Mameluke dynasty, the Bahri, held power as sultans of Egypt until 1382. Hereditary succession was frequently disregarded and the throne usurped by the more powerful emirs (military commanders). Many among them were remarkable rulers, such as Baybars I, who halted the Mongol advance into Syria and Egypt in 1260. Two other Mongol invasions were repelled by the Mamelukes, who also expelled the Crusaders from the region and captured Akko, their last stronghold in Palestine, in 1291. In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, the Mameluke realm extended north to the borders of Asia Minor. The age of the Mamelukes was one of extraordinary brilliance in the arts. It was also an age of commercial expansion Egypts spice traders, the Karimi, were merchant princes who vied with the emirs in patronizing the arts. After the death of the last great Bahri sultan, al-Nasir, in 1341, Egypt lapsed into decline. His descendants were mere figureheads who allowed real power to remain in the hands of the emirs. In 1348 the plague known as the Black Death swept over the land, radically reducing the population. The second dynasty of Mameluke sultans, the Burjis, was of Circassian origin and ruled from 1382 to 1517. Most of the Burji rulers exercised little real authority their dynasty was marked by continual power struggles among the Mameluke elite. In the midst of rebellion and civil strife, the Mamelukes continued to hold Egypt and Syria by virtue of their ability to repel invasions. By the early 16th century, however, they were threatened by the growing power of the Ottoman Empire, and in 1517 the Ottoman Sultan Selim I invaded Egypt and ruled it. The Ottoman: Although the real hold of the Ottoman Turks over Egypt was to last only until the 17th century, the country remained nominally part of the Ottoman Empire until 1915. Rather than exterminate the Mamelukes, the Ottomans used them in their administration. They established a governor and settled six ocaks (regiments) in Egypt as a garrison. In time the roman ocaks intermarried with the native people, playing an important role in the countrys economic and political life. Rural areas were treated as crown lands, parceled into plots called iqta, the produce of which went to the Ottoman elite. The Mameluke come back: As time went on, an inflationary trend that historians have noted in 16th-century Europe had repercussions in Egypt as well. Rising prices led to rivalry among the ocaks over the countrys wealth. This weakened their control, and the Mamelukes stepped into the breach. By the mid-17th century the Mameluke emirs, or beys, had established their supremacy. Land taxes were farmed out among them, and the urban guilds, which were closely allied with the roman ocaks, were heavily taxed as a means of diminishing Ottoman influence and of increasing revenue. The Ottomans acquiesced in the system so long as the tribute was regularly paid. The period from the 16th to the mid-18th century was an age of commercial prosperity when Egypt, at the crossroads of several commercial routes, was the center of a flourishing intermediary trade in coffee, textiles, and spices. The Ottoman governor quickly became a puppet, first in the hands of the regiments, which held the military power, and then in the hands of the Mamelukes, who came to control the ocaks. The leading Mameluke bey, called the Shaikh al-Balad (quotchief of the cityquot), thus became recognized as the real ruler of the land. The beys imposed higher taxes to finance their military expeditions in Syria and Arabia. Although defeated in Syria by the Ottomans, who once more sought to reinforce their authority, the Mamelukes dominated Egypt until 1798. The last 30 years of the 18th century were marked by plagues and famine that reduced the population to a bare 4 million. The Time of Muhammad Ali: The French occupation of Egypt in 1798, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, was a brief interlude, for the French never acquired full dominion or control. The grain-producing regions of Upper Egypt remained in Mameluke hands. Napoleons invasion was too short-lived to have any lasting impact, but it marked the beginning of a renewed European interest in Egypt. In 1801 an Anglo-Ottoman force expelled the French. For the next few years, struggles between Mamelukes and Ottomans for mastery ruined the country until Muhammad Ali, an Ottoman general of Albanian origin, seized power with the cooperation of the local population. In 1805 the Ottoman sultan declared him the governor of Egypt. Muhammad Ali, a man of genius, slowly and methodically destroyed or bought off all his opponents until he became the only source of power in the country. To gain control of all the trade routes into Egypt, he embarked on wars of expansion. He first conquered Al Hijaz (the Hejaz, now in Saudi Arabia) in 1819 and Sudan from 1820 to 1822 by 1824 he was ready to help the Ottoman sultan put down an insurrection in Greece. The European powers, however, intervened to halt Egyptian advances in Greece, and Muhammad Ali was forced to withdraw his army. At home, Muhammad Ali encouraged the production of cotton to supply the textile mills of Europe, and he used the profits to finance industrial projects. He established a monopoly over all commodities and imposed trade barriers to nurture industry. He sent Egyptians abroad for technical education and hired experts from Europe to train his army and build his manufacturing industries (which, however, were never as successful as he hoped they would be). In 1831 Muhammad Ali invaded Syria, thereby coming into conflict with his Turkish overlord. The Egyptians defeated the Ottoman armies, and by 1833 they were threatening the Turkish capital, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul). Once again, Russia, Britain, and France intervened, this time to protect the sultan. Muhammad Alis forces withdrew, but he was left in control of Syria and Crete. Egyptian expansion and control over trade routes conflicted with Britains growing interest in the Middle East as a market for its burgeoning industrial production. The threat to the integrity of the Ottoman Empire also disturbed Britain and roused fears of Russian encroachment in the Mediterranean. For these reasons the British opposed Egypt, and when Muhammad Ali again rebelled against the sultan in 1839, they stepped in for the third time to make him back down. He was offered hereditary possession of Egypt, but had to give up his other conquests and remain an Ottoman vassal. Bankruptcy and Foreign influence: After the death of Muhammad Ali in 1849, Egypt came increasingly under European influence. His son, Said Pasha, made some attempt to modernize the government, but left a huge debt when he died. His successor, Ismail, increased the national debt by borrowing lavishly from European bankers to develop the country and pay for the Suez Canal, which was opened in 1869. These spendthrift rulers drove the country into bankruptcy and ultimately into the control of their British and French creditors. In 1876 an Anglo-French commission took charge of Egypts finances, and in 1879 the sultan deposed Ismail in favor of his son Tawfik Pasha. Army officers, disgusted by the governments weakness, then led a rebellion to end foreign control. Tawfik appealed to the British for help, and they occupied Egypt in 1882. Egypt Under the British: British interest in Egypt stemmed from the Suez Canal as the short route to India. Promises to evacuate the country once order had been restored were broken, and the British army remained in occupation until 1954. Although Tawfik remained on the throne as a figurehead prince, the British consul general was the real ruler of the country. The first and most important consul general was Sir Evelyn Baring(known after 1892 as Lord Cromer). A nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kamil, a European-educated lawyer, was backed by Tawfiks successor, Abbas II, during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Kamil agitated for self-government and an end to the British occupation but was ignored by British authorities. In this period Egyptian agriculture was so completely dominated by cotton grown to feed the textile mills of Lancashire, England, that grain had to be imported to feed the rural population. Irrigation projects were carried out to increase the arable land, and in due course the entire debt to Britain was paid. British promises to evacuate diminished as Egypt and the Suez Canal became an integral part of British Mediterranean defense policy. The illegal occupation was, in fact, internationally sanctioned in 1904, when France recognized British rights in Egypt in return for British acknowledgment of French rights in Morocco. Protectorate Declared: The outbreak of World War I in 1914 brought nationalist activities in Egypt to an end. When Turkey entered the war on the side of Germany, Britain declared Egypt a protectorate and deposed Abbas II in favor of his uncle, Hussein Kamil, who was given the title of sultan. Legal ties between Egypt and Turkey were finally severed, and Britain promised Egypt some changes in government once the war was over. The war years resulted in great hardship for Egyptian peasants, the fellahin, who were conscripted to dig ditches and whose livestock was confiscated by the army. Inflation was rampant. These factors were responsible for increasing resentment against the British and set the stage for the violent upheaval that was to come after World War I ended in 1918. llied promises that former Ottoman territories would be allowed self-determination raised hopes in Egypt of independence once the war was over. A new nationalist movement, the Wafd (quotdelegationquot), was formed in 1918 to plan for the countrys future. Hopes were dashed when Britain refused to consider Egyptian needs, and Saad Zaghlul, the leader of the Wafd, was exiled. The country erupted in violent revolt, and Britain was forced to reconsider its decision. Zaghlul was released, but his efforts to get a hearing at the Paris Peace Conference were thwarted by the British. Violence continued until 1922, when Britain unilaterally declared Egypt an independent monarchy under Husseins successor, who became king as Fuad I. The British, however, reserved the right to intervene in Egyptian affairs if their interests were threatened, thereby robbing Egypt of any real independence and allowing British control to continue unabated. The new constitution of 1924 set up a bicameral legislature but, under pressure from the British and Fuad, gave the latter the right to nominate the premier and to suspend Parliament. The result was a tripartite struggle for mastery over Egypt involving the king, the British ambassador, and the Wafd, which was the only grass-roots party. One government after another fell after trying unsuccessfully to extract concessions from the British. In 1936, under pressures caused by the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, an Anglo-Egyptian treaty was finally signed, but it continued the physical occupation of Egypt by the British army and the involvement of the British army in internal affairs. The Coup of 1952: World War II (1939-1945) suspended further political bargaining. The war years brought inflation, interparty strife, and disillusion with the Wafd. Fundamentalist religious organizations, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, and Communist groups developed. In 1948 Egypt and several other Arab states went to war in an unsuccessful attempt to prevent the establishment of the state of Israel. Blaming the government for its loss, the army turned against King Faruk, Fuads son, who showed no aptitude for government and a blatant disregard for public well-being and morality. In 1952 a group of army officers carried out a successful coup detat that ousted the king and in 1953 declared Egypt a republic. Egypt as a republic: The first president of the republic, General Muhammad Naguib, was a figurehead. The real leader was Gamal Abdel Nasser of the Revolutionary Command Council, the officers who had plotted the revolution. In April 1954 Nasser became prime minister. In November of that year, Naguib was removed from power, and Nasser assumed complete executive authority. In July 1956 Nasser was officially elected president. At first Nasser followed a pro-Western policy and successfully negotiated the evacuation of British forces from Egypt in 1954. Soon he turned to a policy of neutrality and solidarity with other African and Asian nations and became an advocate of Arab unity. The Suez Crisis: In efforts to acquire armaments, which the Western world would not supply to Egypt, Nasser turned to the Eastern bloc. In retaliation, the World Bank turned down Egypts request for a loan to finance the Aswan High Dam project. Nasser therefore nationalized the Suez Canal and sought to use its revenues to finance the dam. Angered by that move, Britain and France, the main stockholders in the canal, joined with Israel in attacking Egypt in 1956. Pressure from the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) forced the three countries to evacuate Egyptian territory, and United Nations (UN) forces were placed as a buffer between Egypt and Israel. Pursuing his dream of Arab unity, Nasser in 1958 effected a union between Egypt and Syria under the name of the United Arab Republic. Although it lasted only three years before the Syrians rebelled and reaffirmed their independence, Egypt retained the official name of the republic for many years afterward. Arab Socialism: Within Egypt the Nasser regime suppressed political opposition and established a one-party system as a means of reforming political life. A series of decrees limited land ownership and undermined the authority of the landowning elite. In 1961 foreign capital invested in Egypt was nationalized, as were public utilities and local industries, all of which became part of the public sector. This new order, which Nasser called Arab Socialism, aimed at greater social equality and economic growth. In 1962 a national charter was drawn up, and the official National Union Party was renamed the Arab Socialist Union. Women, who had been emancipated earlier, were elected to the union, as were workers. The first woman cabinet minister was appointed. Wars of the 1960s In 1962 Egypt became embroiled in a civil war in Yemen, backing a republican movement against monarchist forces. This venture cost lives and money and left the country weakened. In 1967 Nasser, continuing the Arab struggle against Israel, closed the Strait of Tiran to Israeli shipping and requested that the UN forces be withdrawn from the border. The Israelis, believing that Nasser was preparing for war, struck first, attacking and destroying Egyptian airfields and positions in the Sinai. Israeli forces advanced until they reached the right bank of the Suez Canal. This Six-Day War left Israel in possession of the whole Sinai Peninsula. The UN Security Council called for Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories. Israel Did decline and continued to occupy the Sinai. When negotiations seemed to be leading nowhere, Nasser turned to the USSR, which rearmed Egypt in return for a naval base. Nasser died suddenly in 1970. Problems of succession to the post of president were settled when Vice President Anwar El-Sadat, a long-time colleague of Nasser, was chosen to succeed him. The Sadat Regime: Sadat was elected by opposing political factions as a compromise candidate, on the assumption that he could be manipulated. The new president, however, outwitted his would-be puppeteers and, with the support of the army, put them under arrest. He freed political prisoners who had been incarcerated by Nasser for opposing his policies, and called for a regime of economic and political liberalization, especially for the press, which Nasser had strictly controlled. The 6th of october war: clashes between Egypt and Israel had continued after 1969, and this quotwar of attritionquot had resulted in high Egyptian casualties and burdensome military expenditures. Sadat tried to find a way out of that impress negotiation. successfully he secretly planned a for a war to free the occupied sinai from Israel. He first repaired his fences with the Arab states, especially Saudi Arabia, which financed arms purchases from the Soviet Union. Then, on October 6, 1973, on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur and during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan (10th of Ramadan ), Egypt launched an air and artillery counterattack across the Suez Canal. Within hours, thousands of Egyptian soldiers had successfully crossed into the Sinai. Protected by a missile umbrella that destroyed Israeli aircrafts, they overran and captured the string of Israeli fortifications known as the Bar-Lev line. Israel was caught unprepared. It was a total victory. By the middle of the month, however, with immidate aid from the united states, it had regained the initiative and was able to encircle Egyptian units on the outskirts of Suez. The United Nations then imposed a cease-fire, and an armistice line patrolled by UN forces was eventually established between the Egyptian and the Israeli armies. Peace treaty with Isreal: After the war Sadat was ready for negotiations. In 1974 and 1975 Egypt and Israel concluded agreementsagain mediated by Kissingerproviding disengagement on the Sinai front. In June 1975 Egypt reopened the Suez Canal, permitting passage to ships carrying Israeli cargoes. Israel withdrew beyond the strategic passes and from some of the oil fields in the Sinai. Meanwhile, Egypts economic position was growing rapidly worse by early 1976 the countrys debt to the USSR was estimated at 4 billion. The following year, surprising all, Sadat asked the Soviet military advisers to leave the country and threw his lot in with the United States, declaring it held the key to peace in the Middle East. Even more surprising, on November 19, 1977, Sadat flew to Israel and addressed the Knesset (parliament). The historic journey was followed by further negotiations under U. S. auspices. At a tripartite conference with U. S. president Jimmy Carter at Camp David, Maryland, in September 1978, Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin agreed on a framework for an Israeli-Egyptian settlement. A peace treaty between the two nations, based on the Camp David accords, was signed in Washington, D. C. on March 26, 1979. Sadat Regime: The rest of the Arab world denounced Egypt for making a separate peace with Israel, and some of the more quothard-linequot Arab leaders branded Sadat a traitor to the Arab cause. The Sinai was gradually restored to Egypt, but later Egyptian-Israeli talks on a settlement of the Palestinian issue made little progress. Egypt was expelled from the Arab League in 1979 because of the peace treaty, and the leagues headquarters were moved from Cairo to Tunis, Tunisia. In 1989 Egypt was readmitted to the league the headquarters were moved back to Cairo the following year. By 1981 Sadat was meeting increasing opposition within Egypt itself, especially from Muslim fundamentalists, who opposed any accommodation with Israel. Sadat responded with a crackdown, arresting and jailing hundreds of his opponents, and placing restrictions on the press. In such an atmosphere he was assassinated by religious fanatics within his own army on October 6, 1981, during a military parade commemorating the Yom Kippur War. Sadat was succeeded by Vice President Hosni Mubarak. While adhering to the Camp David accords, Mubarak sought political liberalization within Egypt as well as improved relations with other Arab states. Israel completed its withdrawal from the Sinai on April 25, 1982. EGYPT IS FREE: 11022011, or to understand it better, Friday 11:02:2011, a date that the people of Egypt will always remember, as it was on that day that President Hosni Sayyid Mubarak relinquished control of the country and fled to quotexilequot in Sharm El-Sheikh. But as he was fleeing from Cairo, the same idea came to the minds of the worlds media, after all, the problems were now over, and 18 days of peaceful protest had come to a conclusion so there was no more news. Over the following week the reports from Egypt started to fade into history as Yemen, Libya, and many other of the countries in MENA (Middle East and North Africa) started their own protests, which were not as civilised as the Egyptian one and so a lot more newsworthy. Camera crews were relocated, journalists moved to new quotwar zonesquot and, almost as quick as they arrived, they departed, leaving behind the usual collection of quotlocalquot reporters: and hereby lies the problem with the way that the worlds media reports events: it is only good news when it is bad news bad news sells, good news is boring On Friday evening the western world rose as one to congratulate Egypt on achieving its goal and very soon many of the worlds leaders, or their representatives, were making their way to Cairo. The UK Prime Minister, David Cameron, was the first to arrive and promised that Britain would help in Egypts rebirth. He was followed by many others, including the US Secretary of State, Hilary Clinton, and US Senator John Kerry Tahrir Square during the protests Mr. Cameron stated he would help, and within hours the UKs Foreign and Commonwealth office travel warning was lifted, yet it took until towards the end of March for the USA to partially lift their warning were Ms. Clinton and Mr. Kerry just here for the photo opportunities and media spotlight So much for President Obamas speech on the Friday night when he said: quotThe United States will continue to be a friend and partner to Egypt. We stand ready to provide whatever assistance is necessary and asked for to pursue a credible transition to democracy. Egyptians have inspired usquot Tourists who visit this page also visit the following pages: List of the recommended site to visit in EgyptAladdin Platform Overview Aladdin is an operating system for investment managers that seeks to connect the information, people and technology needed to manage money in real time. The Aladdin platform combines sophisticated risk analytics with comprehensive portfolio management, trading and operations tools on a single platform to power informed decision-making, effective risk management, efficient trading and operational scale. More than just technology, Aladdin powers Collective Intelligence by providing tools to help your organization communicate effectively, address problems quickly, and make informed decisions at every step of the investment process. Aladdin is an end-to-end investment platform that is: Relied on by approximately 25,000 investment professionals around the world (as of 93016). 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